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Talking or procedurally delaying to stop a vote.

Shaping voting maps to help one side win more seats.

Not allowed by the Constitution.

National-level courts that handle federal issues.

National rules that apply to all states.

When state and federal laws conflict, federal wins.

Top court; its rulings are final nationwide.

Trying to persuade lawmakers or agencies.

Fake grassroots campaigns.

The person already in the job.

Carries out laws.

Writes and passes laws.

Interprets laws and resolves cases.

Agencies that run government programs.

A state-by-state point system used to pick the President.

A could-go-either-way state.

Built-in tilt that distorts data.

A family of ideas emphasizing individual rights, consent of the governed, and the rule of law, with debate over how active government should be in promoting equality and opportunity.

A broad orientation that values continuity, tradition, and skepticism toward rapid change, emphasizing order and responsibility.

In international relations, realism views the world as an arena of states pursuing security and power under anarchy (no world government).

The idea that language and social practices can produce or reinforce realities (identities, norms, markets) rather than merely describe them.

Growing cross-border flows of goods, capital, people, and ideas, changing economies, politics, and cultures.

A framework analyzing history and politics through class relations and modes of production, often critical of capitalism.

Broad ideas favoring social or public direction of key resources to promote equality and shared prosperity.

The right to rule accepted by the governed; can derive from legal procedures, performance, traditions, or shared values.

A state acting on its own without coordinating with others.

Cooperation among multiple states through institutions or agreements.

An intergovernmental organization for peace, security, and cooperation founded after WWII.

A nation is a cultural/identity community; a nation-state is a political entity claiming sovereignty for (mostly) one nation.

Independent non-state groups that provide services, advocate policies, or monitor governments and firms.

Protects expression from government restrictions with narrow exceptions (e.g., incitement).

Protects gathering and publishing information without prior restraint, subject to limited exceptions.

Recognizes an individual right subject to regulation; details shaped by court decisions.

The Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms; debate centers on the scope of regulation versus individual rights.

The First Amendment protects speech from government restriction, with limited exceptions (e.g., incitement); tension exists between protection and harm mitigation.

Roe v. Wade (1973) established abortion rights; Dobbs v. Jackson (2022) overturned them, returning regulation primarily to states.

Debate focuses on access versus security; federal oversight was narrowed by Shelby v. Holder (2013).

The Affordable Care Act (2010) expanded access via marketplaces and Medicaid; debate continues over government role versus market solutions.

Most U.S. employment is at-will, allowing termination without cause; debates center on flexibility versus protections (wages, benefits, organizing).

States vary on whether to restrict or protect access to gender-affirming healthcare, especially for minors; debates weigh health autonomy and safety.